Rhetoric in Into the Wild Essay

Appeals to Logos*Strategy 1 describing McCandlesss intelligence. Ex. 1 In the third chapter of the novel, where Krakauer describes McCandlesss relationship with Wayne Westerberg, he discusses Chris McCandlesss family and education in brief. Specifically, Krakauer whilepowertions, In May 1990, Chris graduated from Emory University in Atlanta, and had distinguished himself as a history and anthropology major with a 3.72 variant-point average (Krakauer 20). This presents a side of Chris that appeals to bulks logos and makes them think. The main question that pops into mind is, how could such a novel kid make such a dumb err wholenessousness? This intrigue keeps the reader immersed in the book, and therefore continues to hold their attention.Ex. 2 afterwards on in the novel, around the midsection of chapter eleven, Krakauer describes McCandless in much depth. He duologue or so his social life, what he was bid as a young boy, and what he was like when he grew. There is another size equal example of Krakauer using McCandlesss intelligence to appeal to logos, and that is when he quotes maven of Chriss high school caterpillar track teammates, Eric Hatha charge. Hath by remembers, Chris brought home substantially grades. He didnt get into trouble, he was a high achi ever so, he did what he was supposed to do (Krakauer 114). Again, Krakauer sets up a good image of how smart Chris was. Readers also learn that he was diligent and hardworking, and they can understand how it would connect into Chriss persistence in the Alaskan wild.*Strategy 2 talks about when McCandless did illogical things, to interest readers. Ex. 1 In the beginning of the novel, when Krakauer talks about McCandlesss journey into the Mojave Desert, he mentions that Chris did whatsoeverthing really ridiculous. Krakauer re deals his actions in this way in a gesture that would render done both Tolstoy and Thoreau proud, he arranged all his paper currency and put a sum to it. One hundred twenty-three dollars in legal tender was like a shot reduced to ash and smoke (Krakauer 29). Krakauer describes Chriss donation of his college fund to munificence a couple of pages later in the book. Yet, when one reaches that page, they have to rarity why Chris didnt rightful(prenominal) keep his money with him, so he could donate it later, or at to the lowest degree buy some supplies. This leads to more curiosity about McCandlesss habitual sense, which in turn entices the readers however onward.Ex. 2 Near the end of the book, when Krakauer returns to the subject of McCandlesss journey into the Alaskan wild, he talks about the meager amount of food McCandless carried, and alludes to Chriss ignorance. He says about McCandless, hed subsisted for more than a calendar month beside the Gulf of California on five pounds of rice and a good- allow of fish caught with a cheap rod and reel, make him confident he could harvest enough food for an extended stay in the Alaskan wilderness too (Krakauer 162). Any person who reads this automatically questions Chriss common sense, because they wonder how he could possibly think California is anything like Alaska. not only that, exactly the fact that Chris purposely neglected to pack good supplies makes mess find him arrogant, and, in young peoples slang, a douche-bag.Appeals to Ethos *Strategy 1 Describing the moral values of Chris McCandlessEx. 1 In the middle of the book, in chapter eleven, Krakauer includes responses from people who knew Chris in college and high school. One of his female running teammates, Kris Maxie Gillmer, recounts how determined McCandless always was about righting social injustices. Proof of this is set up in his ranking(prenominal) year of high school. Krakauer confirms, McCandless took lifes inequities to heart. During his senior year at Woodson, he became obsessed with racial oppression in South Africa (Krakauer 113). Krakauer whitethorn have included only this event and a few others li ke it throughout the novel, but it leaves no doubt in the readers mind that McCandless hated injustice. This wows the reader, making them bring out just how high Chriss ethics were. One could call it a knotty attempt by Krakauer to eke out sympathy for McCandless from the readers.Ex. 2 In the fourth bulge out chapter of the novel, Detrital Wash, Krakauer describes Chris on his two month journey in the Western part of the cracking United States. He also mentions how McCandlesss parents, worried sick, hired a private detective. The investigator began an extensive search, and finally found teaching in December, when he learned from an inspection of tax records that Chris had given away his college fund to OXFAM (Krakauer 31). The fact that Chris donated his college fund to charity also casts him in a good, moral light. However, the ironic thing is that OXFAM is an organization dedicated to feeding starving people, and that Chris McCandless died of starvation. Either way, this appeal to ethos also makes people view Chris in a better light, perhaps to make them feel like he was a great person.*Strategy 2 Describing the moral flaws of Chris McCandless Ex. 1 Krakauer says in the fountains note at the beginning of the novel that he will leave it to the readers to form their own opinions about McCandless, so it only seems essential that he would include negative points about the boys morals as well. Although he had a rigorous moral code, he made the strangest exceptions. Krakauer says, he was also able to forgive, or overlook, the shortcomings of his literary heroes Jack capital of the United Kingdom was a notorious drunk Tolstoy went on to father at least thirteen children, some of whom were conceived at the same time the censorious count was thundering in print against the evils of sex (Krakauer 122). When readers see this little note, they see how strange Chriss moral code was. He wouldnt cut his father for living a lie, and yet, he praised and adored hy pocritical men who did even worse things than his father. This appeals to peoples ethics because it makes them think about their own morals, not just Chriss.Ex. 2 Krakauer discusses McCandlesss relationship with his family several(prenominal) times during the book. According to the family and the people who knew McCandless, he was mainly only ever close with his younger sister, Carine. Carine remembers this about her brother, He was always really beautiful to me, and extremely protective. Hed hold my hand when we walked down the street. When he was in junior high and I was still in grade school hed hang out at his adorer Brian Paskowitzs house so we could walk home together (Krakauer 110). This may be just a simple phrase, but it drastically appeals to a readers ethic views as well. One cannot help but wonder why Chris, who apparently loved his younger sister and protected her, could possibly leave without saying a word to her. He got aggravated about his fathers lies, but he so mehow doesnt think what hes doing is the same. It is as if he trusts other people more than his family and the sister he loves. Appeals to Pathos*Strategy 1 Arousing bewilderment of McCandless Ex. 1 If one reads the novel Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, it is almost unfeasible to miss the biased way Krakauer writes about the exploits of Chris McCandless. He makes Chris sound like this really great guy with a thirst for adventure, which draws readers in. an example of this is Krakauers comparison between himself and McCandless in the chapter titled, The Stikine Ice Cap. Krakauer writes, I couldnt disagree stealing up to the edge of doom and peering over the brink. The hint of what was hidden in those shadows terrified me, but I caught sight of something in the glimpse, some forbidden and elemental riddle that was no less compelling than In my caseand, I believe, in the case of Chris McCandlessthat was a very diverse thing from wanting to die (Krakauer 156). This description makes the readers picture a great visionary in the look of society, someone who was willing to take risks and was unbound by earthly desires. It makes them admire McCandlesss bravery as well, which is, of course, evoking emotion.Ex. 2 Krakauer focuses on many admirable things McCandless does, but one important one, assist the homeless and destitute, really stands out. Krakauer comments, McCandless would wander the seedier quarters of Washington, chatting with prostitutes and homeless people, buying them meals, badly suggesting ways they might improve their lives (Krakauer 113). This really tugs at peoples hearts, making them look up to Chris. Many see these examples of kindness and deal they could be more like McCandless. In all effect, this puts Chris at a higher standard with other people.*Strategy 2 Focusing on how depressed everybody was when they learned Chris was dead.Ex. 1 Of course, the main example of this would be when Carine McCandless learns that her high-priced brother , Chris, was found dead. According to Krakauers information on her reaction, Carines eyes blurred, and she felt the onset of tunnel vision. Involuntarily, she started shaking her head fend for and forth, back and forth Then she began to scream Carine curled up on the commit in a fetal position, wailing without pause She remained hysterical for the near five hours (Krakauer 130). This really makes readers angry at Chris McCandless. They think he was a jerk for leaving his family, and they further fume about how he could have saved everyone so much pain if only hed been prepared and not so arrogant about being able to survive.Ex. 2 Another extremely depressing example of appealing to shame is when Krakauer describes the reaction of Ronald Franz, a man who grew extremely close to and fond of Chris when he helped him out in California. Franz was devastated when he heard the news of Chriss death. He says, I asked God to keep his finger on the shoulder of that one But he let Alex die I renounced the Lord. I couldnt believe in a God who would let something that terrible run across I bought a bottle of whiskey wasnt used to drinking, so it made me sick. Hoped itd kill me, but it didnt (Krakauer 60). Again, this makes readers extremely sad. In a way, it actually shocks them too. It takes something very powerful to make a man renounce his faith, and readers can only begin to try and grasp what Franz was feeling.

Describe The Effects Of The Blitz On Everyday Life

In the attempt to describe the effects of the blitzkrieg on daytime-by-day life, I will explain what people did before the struggle began and the actions took to absorb Britain through the Blitz. Before the Blitz there were some precautions people took case war was declared on Britain. One of these was suck masks. A gas mask was issued to men, women and children incase gas bombs were dropped. Most homed were equipped with either an Anderson shelter, which was a home built shelter in the garden, or a Morrison shelter, a shelter built undern squanderh the kitchen table.The nigrifyouts began two days before the war began. Under blackout rules, everyone had to cover up their windows at night with black material. This was to make it difficult for German bombers to find their target in the dark. The passage lamps were turned off and often people bumped into one another. Traffic accidents were more common because car headlights had to be blacked out, and deaths from drowning incre ased as people vanish off bridges or walked into ponds. The evacuation begun on Friday 1 February, the day German troops invaded Poland.Most children were evacuated in school groups with their teachers. Children and their teachers would meet in the school grounds, where they would get name tags and told to keep their gas masks in the cardboard boxes. Many children were sometimes sent to farms and made to work. both(prenominal) were sent to giant region houses or stately homes. Many of these children had never been out into the country before. Lots of them from the slums were surprised to find themselves staying in houses with inside toilets and carpets.For some children, their parents stubborn to keep them at home in the city instead of be evacuated. ration outing was introduced due to the shortage of nutrition and the fact that no food could come by ship from over-seas. You were only allowed a certain summationity of clothes, food and other plate goods. You also still had to pay for them. Ration books were full of coupons which could be cut out and used to buy a fixed amount of rationed foods each week or month. every(prenominal) time a housewife bought something she had to give a coupon.When she had used up a particular coupon for one week she had to wait until the side by side(p) week before she could buy any more. Food was very unmanageable to get a hold of, so people were encouraged to come vegetables in order to feed their family. Cartoon characters called Potato Pete and Dr. Carrot appeared on leaflets, telling people to eat plenty of these foods. The slogan Dig for conquest appeared on posters and banners to encourage people to grow their own food. Meat was herculean to get hold of so the government advised people to eat rabbits.In total 1. 4 million homes one third of Londons lodgment stock were damaged or destroyed in the Blitz. Electricity, gas and piss supplies were disrupted. The impact on civilian morale in London was severe. Some Londoners later recalled that things were close to breaking point the daily bombings and sleepless nights took their toll. robbery from bombed shops and empty houses was rife. However, the general mood of perseverance became known as the Blitz Spirit.In all, 18,000 tons of high explosives had been dropped on England during eight months of the Blitz. A total of 18,629 men, 16,201 women, and 5,028 children were killed along with 695 unidentified charred bodies. The role of women during the Blitz was very important for component on the home front. The Womens Voluntary Service provided fire fighters with tea and recreations when the clear-up took drive after a bombing raid during the blitz. They also provided tea and refreshment for the people sheltering in the underground.At first, only single women aged 20-30 were called up, provided by mid-1943, almost 90 per penny of single women and 80 per cent of married women were working in factories, on the land or in the armed forces. In all 640,000 women were in the armed force, 5,000 serving with guns and providing subjective air defence, 80,000 thousand in the Land Army plus many more who flew unarmed aircraft, drove ambulances, worked as nurses and worked behind enemy lines in the European resistance. Overall, there were many different effects of the Blitz on everyday life from the evacuation of children to the rationing of food and other household goods.

Phylogenetic

molecular(a)(a)(a) Phylo cistrontics An introduction to computational methods and tools for analyzing phylogenyary relationships K arn Do healthful Math ergocalciferol F both(prenominal) 2008 molecular(a) Phylo factortics K arn Dowell 1 Abstract molecular phyletics applies a con feederacy of molecular(a) and statistical techniques to infer onto constituentsisary relationships among organisms or genes.This review c e precisewhere provides a general introduction to phyletics and phyletic maneuvers, describes around of the most plebeian computational methods utilize to infer phylogenetic cultivation from molecular selective in shitation, and provides an everywhereview of n previous(predicate) of the numerous divers(prenominal) online tools on tap(predicate) for phylogenetic synopsis. In addition, several phylogenetic case studies ar summarized to illust prize how re pursuiters in varied biologic disciplines argon reaching molecular phylogenetics in their wo rk. Introduction to molecular PhylogeneticsThe similarity of biological powers and molecular mechanisms in living organisms strongly suggests that species descended from a vulgar ancestor. molecular phylogenetics delectations the social organization and function of p subterfugeicles and how they multifariousness over metre to infer these organic maturationary relationships. This pegleg of study emerged in the early 20th century provided didnt begin in earnest until the 1960s, with the advent of protein sequencing, PCR, electrophoresis, and sepa appraise(a) molecular biota techniques.Over the past 30 years, as computers consecrate become to a greater extent capacityy and to a greater extent gener individu on the wholeyy accessible, and computer algorithmic programs more sophisticated, re hunt clubers shake off been able to take the immensely complicated stochastic and probabilistic problems that define evolution at the molecular level more effectively. Within past decade, this field has been advertise reenergized and re delineate as whole genome sequencing for complex organisms has become faster and less expensive. As mounds of genomic information becomes publically available, molecular phylogenetics is continuing to grow and find overbold applications. 4, 10, 17, 20, 22 The primary objective of molecular phylogenetic studies is to recover the order of evolutionary events and represent them in evolutionary channelizes that graphically depict relationships among species or genes over judgment of conviction. This is an extremely complex touch, set ahead complicated by the fact that on that point is no hotshot right way to approach all phylogenetic problems. Phylogenetic data laps screwing consist of hundreds of different species, each of which whitethorn have varying mutation rates and patterns that influence evolutionary change.Consequently, on that point atomic sum up 18 numerous different evolutionary dumbfounds and st ochastic methods available. The optimal methods for a phylogenetic analysis depend on the nature of the study and data employ. 5, 19, 20 Molecular Evolution Beyond Darwin Evolution is a work at by which the traits of a population change from adept generation to some opposite. In On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Darwin proposed that, given overwhelming reverse out from his extensive relative analysis of living specimens and fossils, all living organisms descended from a common ancestor.The passwords only illustration (see soma 1) is a direct diagram-like structure that suggests how slow and successive modifications could lead to the extreme variations seen in species today. 11, 27 Molecular Phylogenetics K atomic number 18n Dowell 2 traffic pattern 1. Evolution Defined Graphically. The sole illustration in Darwins Origin of the Species uses a channelize-like structure to describe evolution. This drawing shows ancestors at the limbs and breakes of the tree diagram, more recent ancestors at its twigs, and contemporary organisms at its buds. 34 Darwins surmisal of evolution is ground on tether underlying principles ariation in traits go among individuals within a population, these variations tail assembly be passed from integrity generation to the neighboring via inheritance, and that some forms of inherited traits provide individuals a higher chance of excerption and reproduction than others. 11 Although Darwin developed his theory of evolution without any knowledge of the molecular basis of life, it has since been ruled that evolution is actually a molecular process establish on genetic information, encoded in desoxyribonucleic acid, RNA, and proteins. At a molecular level, evolution is driven by the same types of mechanisms Darwin observed at the species level.One molecule undergoes diversification into many variations. One or more of those variants can be selected to be reproduced or amplified throughout a popu lation over many generations. Such variations at the molecular level can be ca employ by mutations, such(prenominal) as deletions, insertions, inversions, or substitutions at the alkali level, which in turn affect protein structure and biological function. 11, 22 What is a Phylogeny? According to ripe evolutionary theory, all organisms on earth have descended from a common ancestor, which means that any compensate of species, extant or extinct, is related.This relationship is called a development, and is represented by phylogenetic trees, which graphically represent the evolutionary archives related to the species of interest (see chassis 2). Phylogenetics infers trees from observations nigh existing organisms victimization morphological, physiological, and molecular geniusistics. put down 2. Phylogeny of Mammalia. This phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships among six orders of mammal species (taxa). Taxa listed in grey atomic number 18 extinct. The tree of life represents a phylogeny of all organisms, living and extinct.Other, more specialized species and molecular phylogenies ar used to support comparative studies, test biogeographic hypotheses, evaluate mode and quantify of speciation, infer amino acid date of extinct proteins, track the evolution of diseases, and even provide evidence in criminal cases. 19 Molecular Phylogenetics K aren Dowell 3 Understanding Phylogenetic manoeuvres Before exploring statistical and bioinformatic methods for estimating phylogenetic trees from molecular data, its serious to have a basic familiarity of the terms and elements common to these types of trees. set excogitation 3. ) Figure 3. Basic elements of a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic trees are composed of emergencees, also cognize as edges, that connect and terminate at nodes. Branches and nodes can be home(a) or external (terminal). The terminal nodes at the tips of trees represent operational taxonomic units (OTUs). OTUs correspo nd to the molecular durations or taxa (species) from which the tree was inferred. Internal nodes represent the last common ancestor (LCA) to all nodes that arise from that point.Trees can be made of a individual gene from many taxa (a species tree) or multi-gene families (gene trees). 1, 10 A tree is considered to be rooted if on that point is a grumpy node or out assembly (an external point of reference) from which all OTUs in the tree arises. The root is the oldest point in the tree and the common ancestor of all taxa in the analysis. In the absence of a know out crowd, the root can be placed in the philia of the tree or a rootless tree whitethorn be supplyd. Branches of a tree can be grouped together in different ways. (See Figure 4. ) Figure 4.Groups and associations of taxonomical units in trees. A monophyletic group consists of an internal LCA node and all OTUs arising from it. All members within the group are derived from a common ancestor and have inherited a set of un ique common traits. A paraphyletic group excludes some of its descendents (for examples all mammals, except the marsupialia Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 4 taxa). And a polyphyletic group can be a collection of distantly related OTUs that are associated by a similar characteristic or phe nonype, but are not directly descended from a common ancestor. 1, 17 Trees and Homology Evolution is shaped by homology, which refers to any similarity due to common ancestry. Similarly, phylogenetic trees are defined by homologous relationships. Paralogs are homologous ranks separated by a gene duplication event. Orthologs are homologous sequences separated by a speciation event (when one species diverges into twain). Homologs can be either paralogs or orthologs. 1, 11, 22 Molecular phylogenetic trees are drawn so that branch length corresponds to bar of evolution (the percent difference in molecular sequences) amongst nodes. 1, 19 Figure 5. Understanding paralogs and orthologs. Paralogs are created by gene duplication events. (See Figure 5. ) at one time a gene has been duplicated, all subsequent species in the phylogeny ordain inherit both copies of the gene, creating orthologs. Interestingly, evolutionary disparity of different species whitethorn pass on in many variations of a protein, all with similar structures and functions, but with very different amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic studies can trace the railway line of such proteins to an transmittable protein family or gene. 1, 22 Figure 6. Mirror Phylogenies. cistron A and Gene A1 are paralogs, whereas all instances of Gene A are orthologs of each other in different canine tooth species. One way to ensure that paralogs and orthologs are leavely referenced in a phylogenetic tree, and guard against falsehood due to missing or incomplete taxonomic information is to generate mirror phylogenies (see Figure 6) in which paralogs serve as each others outgroup. 1, 4, 19, 22 Estimating Molecular Phylogenet ic Trees Molecular phylogenetic trees are generated from character datasets that provides evolutionary essence and context.Character data may consist of biomolecular sequence continuatives of DNA, RNA, or amino acids, molecular markers, such as whizz nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), morphology data, or information on gene order and content. Evolution is stickered as a process that changes the state of a character, such as the type of nucleotide (AGTC) at a Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 5 precise location in a DNA sequence each character is a function that maps a set of taxa to distinct states. 1, 19 Note that most of the examples in this paper use DNA sequences as character data, but trees can be accurately estimated from many different types of molecular data. Figure 7. Evolution of a DNA Sequence Figure 7 illustrates how a molecular sequence might evolve over time as a matter of doubled mutations that results small , but evolutionarily important changes in a nucleotide sequence. At the protein level, these changes may not initially affect protein structure or function, but over time, they may eventually shape a new purpose for a protein within divergent species. 10, 19, 22 OTUs can be used to stimulate an unrooted phylogenetic tree that clearly depicts a path of evolutionary change. touchstones in Phylogenetic Analysis Although the nature and scope of phylogenetic studies may vary significantly and have a bun in the oven different datasets and computational methods, the basic step in any phylogenetic analysis remain the same cope with and align a dataset, pass on (estimate) phylogenetic trees from sequences utilise computational methods and stochastic models, and statistically test and assess the estimated trees. 4, 19, 20 Assemble and Align Datasets The first step is to aim a protein or DNA sequence of interest and conglomerate a dataset consisting of other related sequences. For e xample, to explore relationships among different members of the Notch family of proteins, one might select DNA sequences for Notch1 through Notch4, in different species, such as human, dog, rat, and mouse, then(prenominal) perform a double sequence alignment to identify homologies. 1, 10, 13, 19, 20 There are a number of free, online tools available to modify and streamline this process. DNA sequences of interest can be ascertaind utilize NCBI push down or similar search tools.When evaluating a set of related sequences retrieved in a BLAST search, pay close attention to the score and E-value. A high score indicates the subject sequence retrieved with closely related to the sequence used to initiate the query. The smaller the E-value, the higher the opportunity that the homology reflects a reliable evolutionary relationship, as opposed to sequence similarity due to chance. As a general rule, sequences with E- set less than 10-5 are homologs of a query sequence. 10 one time s equences are selected and retrieved, multiple sequence alignment is created.This involves arranging a set of sequences in a matrix to identify regions of homology. Typically, gaps (one or more spaces in the alignment) are introduced in one or more sequences to represent insertions or deletions in the molecular code that may have occurred over time. trenchant multiple sequence alignment hinged on gap analysis ascertain where to insert gaps and how large to make them. There are many websites and computer bundle curriculums, such as ClustalW, MSA, MAFFT, and T-Coffee, designed to perform multiple sequence on a given set of molecular data. ClustalW is presently the most mount up and most wide used. 1, 10. 19 Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 6 Building Phylogenetic Trees To build phylogenetic trees, statistical methods are apply to determine the tree ne cardinalrk topographic anatomy and calculate the branch lengths that dress hat describe the phylogenetic relationships of the aline sequences in a dataset. Many different methods for building trees exist and no single method performs well for all types of trees and datasets. The most common computational methods applied include outperform-matrix methods, and discrete data methods, such as upper limit tightness and utmost likeliness. 4, 17, 20 There are several software packages, such as Paup*, PAML, PHYLIP, that apply most popular methods. 4 Paup* is a commercially available program that implements a wide variety of methods for phylogenetic inference, including maximal likelihood analysis for DNA data using different models. Paup* also includes a set of exact and heuristic methods for searching optimal trees. PAML (Phylogenetic Analysis by upper limit likeliness) is clear-cut-access set of programs for phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary model comparison.PAML includes many travel modelsDNA- and AAbased models as well as codon-based models that can be used to chance upon positive selection. Many of the programs in PAML can model heterogeneity of evolutionary rates among sequence sites using ? distributions, and evolutionary dynamics of different sequence regions (concatenated gene sequences). PHYLIP is another large suite of open-access programs for phylogenetic inference that estimates trees using numerous methods, including pairwise infinite, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood.The maximum likelihood programs can do a few simple stochastic models and have approximate tree searching capabilities. PHYLIP is generally considered good educational software for novice phylogeneticists. surpass-Matrix systems Distance matrix methods compute a matrix of pairwise distances between sequences that approximate evolutionary distance. Distance-based methods tend to be in polynomial time and are sooner fast in practice. These methods use clustering techniques to compute evolutionary distances, such as the number of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions between sequence s, for all pairs of taxa.They then construct phylogenetic trees using algorithms based on functional relationships among distance values. There are several different distance-matrix methods, including the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), which uses a sequential clustering algorithm the transform Distance Method, which uses an outgroup as a reference, then applies UPGMA the Neighbor-Relations Method, which applies 4point condition to adjust the distance matrix, then applies UPGMA and the Neighbor-Joining Method, which arranges OTUs in a star, the finds neighbors sequentially to minimize resume length of tree. 4, 17 The following section on the UPGMA method provides a more detailed example of how distance-matrix methods work. UPGMA Method UPGMA produces rooted trees for which the edge lengths can be viewed as times measured by a molecular measure with a constant rate. This method uses a sequential clustering algorithm to identify two OTUs that are most simi lar (meaning they have the shortest evolutionary distance and are most similar in sequence) and incubate them as a single new composite OTU. This process is repeat iteratively until only two OTUs remain.The algorithm defines the distance (d) between two clusters Ci and Cj as the average distance between pairs of sequences from each cluster Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 7 Where Ci and Cj are the number of sequences in clusters i and j. This sequential clustering process is visually described in Figure 8. In this example, the two most homologous sequences are 1 and 2. They are clustered into a new composite parent node (6), and the branch lengths (t1 and t2) are defined as 1/2d1,2. The next step is to search for the closest pair among remaining sequences and node 6.Pair 4 and 5 are identified and clustered into a new parent node (7), and the branch length for t4 and t5 is reckon. 4, 17 Figure 8. Sequential clustering of sequences using the UPGMA method. 17 In this interact ional process, parent node 8 is created from pairs 7 and 3, and parent node 9 is created by clustering nodes 6 and 8. 4, 17 Thus, all sequences are clustered into a single evolutionary tree. The total time (t9) can be calculated as D6,8 = 1/6 (d1,3 + d1,4 + d1,5 + d2,3 + d2,4 +d2,5) clear-cut Data Methods Discrete data methods psychoanalyse each column of a multiple sequence alignment dataset apiece and search for the tree that best represents all this information. Although distance-based methods tend to be a great deal faster than discrete data methods, they typically yield little information beyond the basic tree structure. Discrete data analyses, on the other hand, are information rich. These methods produce a separate tree for each column in the alignment, so it is feasible to trace the evolution for specific elements within a given sequence, such as catalytic sites or regulatory regions. 10, 17, 19, 20) Commonly used discrete data methods include maximum parsimony, which se arches for the most parsimonious tree that requires the least number of evolutionary changes to exempt differences observed, maximum likelihood, which requires a probabilistic model for the process of nucleotide substitution, and Bayesian MCMC, which also requires a stochastic model of evolution, but creates a fortune distribution on a set of trees or aspects of evolutionary history. 17, 19, 20 Discrete data methods are generally considered to produce the best estimates of evolutionary history.However, these methods can be computationally expensive, and it can take weeks or months to obtain a springable level of the true for moderate to large datasets with 100 or more OTUs. 19 Molecular Phylogenetics upper limit Parsimony Karen Dowell 8 Among the most widely used tree- esteem techniques, maximum parsimony applies a set of algorithms to search for the tree that requires the minimum number of evolutionary changes observed among the OTUs in the study. For example, Figure 9 lists fo ur sample sequences from which phylogenetic trees could be inferred using maximum parsimony. range Seq 1 2 3 4 1 A A A A 2 A G G G 3 G C A A 4 A C T G 5 G G A A 6 T T T T 7 G G C C 8 C C C C 9 A G A G Figure 9. Sample sequences for a maximum parsimony study 17 Maximum parsimony algorithms identify phylogenetically informative sites, meaning the site favors some trees over others. Consider the sequences in Figure 9 Site 1 is not informative, because all sequences at that site (in column 1) are A (Adenine), and no change in state is required to friction match any one sequence (1-4) to another.Similarly, Site 2 is not informative because all three trees require one change and in that location is no reason to favor one tree over another. Site 3 is not informative because all three trees require two changes. (See Figure 10). Figure 10. Site 3 trees all require one evolutionary change. 17 Site 4 is not informative because all three trees require three changes. No one tree can be identif ied as parsimonious. (See Figure 10 Figure 11. Site 4 trees all require three evolutionary changes. 17 Site 5 is informative because one tree requires only one nucleotide change, whereas the other two trees require 2 changes.In Figure 12, the first tree on the left, which requires only one nucleotide change, is identified as the maximum parsimony tree. Figure 12. Site 5 trees vary in the number of evolutionary changes required. 17 Molecular Phylogenetics Maximum Likelihood Karen Dowell 9 The maximum likelihood method requires a probabalistic model of evolution for estimating nucleotide substitution. This method evaluates competing hypotheses (trees and parameters) by selecting those with the highest likelihood, meaning those that render the observed data most plausible. The ikelihood of a hypothesis is defined as the hazard of the data given that hypothesis. In phylogeny reconstruction, the hypotheses are the evolutionary tree (its topology and branch lengths) and any other paramet ers of the evolutionary model. 17, 20 The likelihood calculations required for evolutionary trees are far from straightforward and usually require complex computations that essential allow for all possible unobserved sequences at the LCA nodes of hypothesized trees. This method specifies the inflection probability from one nucleotide state to another in a time interval in each branch.For example, for a one-parameter model with rate of substitution ? per site per unit time, the probability that the nucleotide at time t is i is The probability that the nucleotide at time t is j is To set up a likelihood function, given x as the ancestral node and y and z as internal nodes, the probability of observing nucleotides i, j, k, l at the tips of the tree is computed as Pxl(t1+t2+t3)Pxy(t1)Pyk(t2+t3)Pyz(t2)Pzi(t3)Pzj(t3) For the ancestral node (root) x, the probability of having nucleotide l in sequence 4 is calculated as Pxl(t1+t2+t3)Because x, y, and z can be any one of four nucleotides ( ACGT), it is necessary to sum over all possibilities to obtain the probability of observing the configuration of nucleotides i, j, k, l, in sequences 1, 2, 3, 4, for a given hypothetical tree (see Figure 13. ). This likelihood probability is calculated as h(I,j,k,l)= ? gxPxl(t1+t2+t3) ? Pxy(t1)Pyk(t2+t3) ? Pyz(t2)Pzi(t3) Pzj(t3) The appropriate likelihood function depends on the hypothetical tree and the evolutionary model used. (See Figure 13. ) 17 Figure 13. Different types of model trees for the derivation of the maximum likelihood function. 17 Molecular Phylogenetics Stochastic Models of Evolution Karen Dowell 10 Evolutionary changes in molecular sequences result from mutations, some of which occur by chance, others by natural selection. Rates of change can also differ among OTUs, depending on several factors ranging from GC content to genome size. To accurately estimate phylogenetic trees, assumptions must be made about the substitution process and those assumptions must be sta ted in the form of a stochastic evolutionary model. These probabilistic models are used to rove trees according to likelihood P(datatree).From a Bayesian perspective, they rank trees according to a posterior probability P(treedata). 17, 20 The objective of probabilistic models is to find likelihood or posterior probability of a particular taxonomic feature, then define and compute P(x? T,t ? ) Where x ? is xj for j=1n, T is a tree with n leaves with sequence j at leaf j, and t ? are tree edge lengths. 17 A few popular stochastic models of evolution include the single parameter Jukes-Cantor (JC) method, Kimura 2-parameter (K2P), Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano (HKY), and Equal-Input.Some software programs, such as Paup*, leave behind automatically use a default model for the tree estimation method chosen. The JC method is the easiest one to comprehend, because it assumes that if a site changes its state, it changes with equal probability to the other states. This is not very realistic, howe ver, as some sites are known to evolve more chop-chop than others, and some sites may be perpetual and not allowed to change at all. Determining how best to select the appropriate model is a topic of another paper (or papers) as there is no one model that incorporates all mutation rules and patterns across different species and macromolecules. 4, 17, 20 Hidden Markov Models indite hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a form of Bayesian network that provides statistical models of the consensus structure of a sequence family. Gary Churchill at The capital of Mississippi Lab was the first evolutionary geneticist to propose using profile HMMs to model rates of evolution. Many software packages and web suffices now apply HMMs to estimate phylogenetic relationships. 8 In the HMM format, each position in the model corresponds to a site in the sequence alignment. For each position, there are a number of possible states, each of which corresponds to a different rate of evolution.In addition, transitions between all possible rate-states at adjacent positions. Transition probabilities charm any tendency for patterns of rates to occur in successive sites. 2, 4 Assessing Trees Tree estimating algorithms generate one or more optimal trees. This set of possible trees is subjected to a series of statistical tests to evaluate whether one tree is pause than another and if the proposed phylogeny is reasonable. Common methods for assessing trees include the Bootstrap and Jackknife Resampling methods, and analytical methods, such as parsimony, distance, and likelihood.To illustrate how these methods are used, consider the steps problematic in a help analysis. Bootstrap Analysis A assist is a statistical method for assessing trees that takes its name from the fact that it can impel itself up by its bootstraps and generate meaningful statistical distributions from almost nothing. use bootstrap analysis, distributions that would otherwise be difficult to calculate exactly are estimated by repeated creation and analysis of artificial datasets. In a Non-parametric bootstrap, artificial datasets Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 11 generated by resampling from sea captain data.In a parametric bootstrap, data is simulated according to hypothesis tested. The objective of any bootstrap analysis is to test whether the whole dataset supports the tree. 1, 4, 17 Figure 14 illustrates the basic steps in any bootstrap analysis. Sample datasets are automatically generated from an descental dataset. Trees are then estimated from each sample dataset. The results are compiled and compared to determine a bootstrap consensus tree. Figure 14. Steps in a phylogenetic tree bootstrap analysis. 1 Phylogenetic Analysis Tools There are several good online tools and databases that can be used for phylogenetic analysis.These include jaguar, P-Pod, PFam, TreeFam, and the PhyloFacts geomorphological phylogenomic cyclopaedia. individually of these databases uses different al gorithms and draws on different sources for sequence information, and therefore the trees estimated by PANTHER, for example, may differ significantly from those generated by P-Pod or PFam. As with all bioinformatics tools of this type, it is important to test different methods, compare the results, then determine which database works best (according to consensus results, not researcher bias) for studies involving different types of datasets.In addition, to the phylogenetic programs already mentioned in this paper, a comprehensive list of more than 350 software packages, web-services, and other resources can be found here http//evolution. genetics. washington. edu/phylip/software. html. PANTHER (pantherdb. org) Protein ANalysis Through Evolutionary Relationships, known by its acronym PANTHER, is a library of protein families and subfamilies indexed by function. Panther version 6. 1 contains 5547 protein families. Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 12It categorizes proteins by evolu tionary related proteins (families) and related proteins with same function (subfamilies). 8, 21, 26 PANTHER is composed of both a library and index. The library is a collection of books that represent a protein family as a collection of multiple sequence alignments, HMMs, and a family phylogenetic tree. Functional divergence within the tree is represented by dividing the parent tree into child trees and HMMs based on shared functions. These subfamilies enable database curators to more accurately capture functional divergence of protein sequences as inferred from genomic DNA. 25, 26 PANTHER database entries are annotated to molecular function, biological process and piece of land with a proprietary PANTHER/X ontology system, which is supposed to be easier to perceive than the more orbiculate standard Gene Ontology (GO). Database entries in PANTHER are generated through clustering of UniProt database using a BLAST-based similarity score. Trees are automatically generated based on multiple sequence alignments and parameters of the protein family HMMs using the Tree Inferred from Profile Score (TIPS) clustering algorithm.Scientific curators review all family trees, annotate each tree, and determine how best to divide them into subtrees using a tree-attribute viewer that tabulates annotations for sequences in a tree. In addition, trees and subfamilies are manually cross-checked and validated by curators. 25, 26 P-POD (ortholog. princeton. edu) The Princeton Protein Orthology Database (P-POD) combines results from multiple comparative methods with curated information culled from the books.Designed to be a resource for experimental biologists seeking evolutionary information on genes on interest, P-POD employs a modular architecture, based on their Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD). P-POD can be accessed from their web service or downloaded to run on local computer systems. 12 P-POD accepts FASTA-formatted protein sequences as input, and performs comparati ve genomic analyses on those sequences using OrthoMCL and Jaccard clustering methods. The P-POD database contains both phylogenetic information and manually curated experimental results.The site also provides many links to sites rich in human disease and gene information. This tool may be oddly helpful for bioinformaticists and statisticians developing comparative genomic database tools and resources. Pfam (pfam. sanger. ac. uk/) PFam is a collection of protein families represented by multiple sequence alignments and HMMs. It contains models of protein clans, families, domains, and motifs, and uses HMMs representing conserved functional and structural domains. It is a large, widely used, actively curated mature database that has been available online since 1995.Pfam can be used to retrieve the domain architectures for a specific protein by conducting a search using a protein sequence against the Pfam library of HMMs. This database is also helpful for proteomes and protein domain ar chitecture analysis. 6, 8, 24 There are two versions of the Pfam database PfamB is generated automatically from ProDom, using PsiBLAST, an open access bioinformatics tool available through NCBI for identifying weak, but biologically applicable sequence similarities. Pfam-A is hand-curated from custom multiple sequence alignments. Pfam protein domain families are clustered with Mkdom2, and aligned with ProDomAlign.ProDom is a comprehensive set of protein domain families automatically generated from the SWISSPROT and TrEMBL sequence databases. Mkdom2 is a ProDom program used to make ProDom family clusters. Protein domain families in ProDom were aligned using an improved parallelized program called Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 13 ProDomAlign, developed in C++ using OpenMP. ProDomAlign is based on MultAlign, a program well suited for aligning very large sequence families with thousands of associated sequences. As of early 2008, Pfam matched 72 percent of known proteins sequence s, and 95 percent of proteins for which there is a known structure.Within the Pfam database, 75 percent of sequences will have one match to Pfam-A, 19 percent to Pfam-B. There are also two versions of Pfam-A and Pfam-B. Pfam-ls handles global alignments, and Pfam-fs is optimized for local alignments. Interestingly, Pfam entries can be classified as unknown, but that doesnt mean the protein is undocumented. Unknown entries can be proteins for which some information is known, but it has not been fully researched or cannot be adequately annotated. For example, Pfam entry PFO1816 is a LeucineRich Repeat Variant (LRV), which has a known structure (1LRV) available in the Protein Databank (pdb. rg). LRV repeat regions, which are found in many different proteins, are often involved in cell adhesion, DNA repair, and hormone receiptbut identification of an LRV within a sequence encoding a protein doesnt specifically reveal the proteins function. For studies involving a large number of protei n searches, it may be more convenient to run Pfam locally on a client machine. The standalone Pfam system requires the HMMER2 software, the Pfam HMM libraries and a couple of additional files from the Pfam website to be installed on the client machine. HMMER is a freely distributable implementation of profile HMM software for protein sequence analysis. ) Once the initial search is complete, researchers can go to the Pfam website to further analyze select number of sequences using additional features on website. 6, 8, 24 TreeFam (TreeFam. org) TreeFam is a curated database of phylogenetic trees and orthology soothsayings for all animal gene families that focuses on gene sets from animals with entirely sequenced genomes. Orthologs and paralogs are inferred from phylogenetic tree of gene family.Release 4 contains curated trees for 1314 families and automatically generated trees for another 14351 families. 16, 23 Like Pfam, TreeFam is a two-part database TreeFam-B contains automatical ly generated trees, and TreeFam-A consists of manually curated trees. To automatically generate trees, an algorithm selects clusters of genes to create TreeFam-B seeds from core species with high-quality reference genome sequences, first using BLAST to rapidly assemble an initial list of possible matches, then HMMER to expand and sift probable sequence matches for each TreeFam B seed family.The filtered alignment is fed into a neighbor-joining algorithm and a tree is constructed based on amino acid mismatch distances. For TreeFam version 4, the most current release, five new family trees were built for each TreeFam B seed, two using a maximum likelihood tree generated using PHYML (one based on the protein alignment, the other on codon alignment), three using a neighbor joining tree, using different distance measurements based on codon alignments. 16, 23 Scientific curators then manually any correct errors (based on information in the literature) in automatically generated TreeFam-B trees. Curated TreeFam-B trees then become seeds for TreeFam-A trees. Clean TreeFam-A trees are build using three integrate algorithms and bootstrapping to find the consensus tree of seven trees two constrained maximum likelihood trees based on protein and codon alignment, and five unconstrained neighbor-joining trees generated using different distance measurements based on codon alignments.For both TreeFam-B and TreeFam-A families, orthologs and paralogs are inferred only from clean trees using Duplication/Loss Inference (DLI) algorithm that requires a species tree (NCBI taxonomy tree). 16, 23 Molecular Phylogenetics PhyloFacts (phylogenomics. berkeley. edu/phylofacts) Karen Dowell 14 PhyloFacts is an online phylogenomic encyclopedia for protein functional and structural classification. It contains more than 57,000 books for protein superfamilies and structural domains.Each book contains heterogenous data for protein families, including multiple sequence alignments, one or more p hylogenetic trees, predicted 3-D protein structures, predicted functional subfamilies, taxonomic distributions, GO annotations, and PFAM domains. HMMs constructed for each family and subfamily consent novel sequences to be classified to different functional classes. 14 Unlike other databases mentioned in this paper, PhyloFacts seeks to correct and clarify annotation errors associated with computational methods for predicting protein function based on sequence homology.It uses a consensus approach that integrates many different prediction methods and sources of experimental data over an evolutionary tree. By applying evolutionary and structural clustering of proteins, PhyloFacts is able to analyze disparate datasets using multiple methods, identify potential errors in database annotations, and provide a mechanism for improving the accuracy of functional annotation in general. 14 PhyloFacts can be used to search for protein structure prediction or functional classification for a part icular protein sequence.Researchers may also browse through protein family books and multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic trees, HMMs and other pertinent information for proteins of interest. This webservice also provides many links to literature and other information sources. 14 Applied Molecular Phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetic studies have many diverse applications. As the amount of publically available molecular sequence data grows and methods for modeling evolution become more sophisticated and accessible, more and more biologists are incorporating phylogenetic analyses into their research trategy. Heres a sampling of how molecular phylogenetics might be applied. Tracing the evolution of man In one case study, molecular phylogenetic techniques were used to compare and analyze variation in DNA sequences using advanced(a) human and Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). For this study, 206 modern human mtDNAs and parts of two Neanderthal mtDNAs sequences derived from s keletal remains were used to generate an initial dataset. transmitted distance was first estimated using the Jukes-Cantor single parameter model.Then the Kimura 2-Parameter model was used to distinguish between transition (replacement of one purine with another purine or one pyrimidine with another pyrimidine) and transversion (replacement of one purine with a pyrimidine or vice versa) probabilities with Kimura 2parameter model. A phylogenetic tree representing hierarch evolution was generated using pairwise genetic distances between primate Hypervariable regions I and II of mtDNA. 3 Chasing an epidemic SARS utilize publically available genomic data, it is possible to reconstruct the progression of the SARS epidemic over time and geographically.To conduct this phylogenetic analysis, researchers used the neighborjoining method to construct a phylogenetic tree of spike proteins in various coronaviruses and identify the viral master of ceremonies (a Himalyan palm civet). They then obtained 13 SARs genome sequences with documented information on the date and location of the sample. The neighbor-joining method and a distance matrix based on Jukes-Cantor model, were used to generate an epidemic tree, from which it was possible to identify the origin (date and location) of the virus by observing progression of mutations over time. 3 Molecular Phylogenetics Barking up the right tree Karen Dowell 15 Phylogenetics is increasingly incorporated into biological and biomedical research papers. When the canine genome was published, researchers used sequence data to estimate a comprehensive phylogeny of the canid family. Figure 15. Phylogenetic Tree of the Canid family This canid family phylogenetic tree is based on 15 kb of exon and intron sequence. It was constructed using the maximum parsimony method and represents the single most parsimonious tree.A good example of how phylogenies are referenced in the literature, this tree includes bootstrap values and Bayesian poste rior probability values listed above and below internodes, respectively. Dashes indicate bootstrap values below 50%. In addition, divergence time in millions of years (Myr) is indicated for three nodes. 18 beholding the Forest from the Trees Molecular phylogenetics is a broad, diverse field with many applications, support by multiple computational and statistical methods. The sheer volumes of genomic data currently available (and rapidly growing) render molecular phylogenetics a key luck of much biological research.Genome-scale studies on gene content, conserved gene order, gene expression, regulatory networks, metabolic pathways, functional genome annotation can all be enriched by evolutionary studies based on phylogenetic statistical analyses. 19, 25 27 Molecular phylogenies have fast become an integral part of biological research, pharmaceutical drug design, and bioinformatics techniques for protein structure prediction and multiple sequence alignment. Although not all molecula r biologists and bioinformaticians may be familiar with the techniques describedMolecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 16 in this paper, this is a rapidly growing and expanding field and there is ongoing engage for novel algorithms to solve complex phylogeny reconstruction problems. References 1. Baldauf, SL (2003) Phylogeny for the umbrageous of heart a tutorial. Trends in Genetics, 19(6)345-351. 2. Brown, D, K Sjolander (2006) Functional Classification Using Phylogenomic Inference. PLos computational Biology, 2(6)0479-0483. 3. Cristianini, N, and M Hahn (2007) Introduction to Computational Genomics A Case Studies Approach.Cambridge University pressing Cambridge. 4. Durbin, R, S Eddy, A Krogh, G Mitchison (1998) Biological Sequence Analysis. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. 5. Ewens, WJ, R Grant (2005) Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics. Springer cognition and Business Media brand-new York. 6. Finn, RD, J Tate, J Mistry, PC Coggill, SJ Sammut, HR Hotz, G Ceric, K Forsl und, SR Eddy, ELL Sonnhammer, A Bateman (2008) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Research, 36D281288. 7. Gabaldon, T (2008) Large-scale assignment of orthology back to phylogenetics? Genome Biology, 9235. 1-235. 6. 8. Gollery, M. (2008) handbook of Hidden Markov Models in Bioinformatics. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group London. 9. Goodstadt, L, CP Ponting (2006) Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Orthology, Paralogy, and keep Synteny for Dog and Human. PLoS Computational Biology, 2(9)1134-1150. 10. Hall, BG. (2004) Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy A How-To Manual, second ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA. 11. Hartwell, LH, L Hood, ML Goldberg, AE Reynolds, LM Silver, RC Veres (2008) Genetics From Genes to Genomes, 3rd Ed.McGraw-Hill New York. 12. Heinicke, S, MS Livstone, C Lu, R Oughtred, F Kang, SV Angiuoli, O White, D Botstein, K Dolinski (2007) The Princeton Protein Orthology Database (P-POD) A comparative Genomics Analysis Tool for Biologists. PLoS ONE , 8e766. 1-15. 13. Kortschak, RD, R Tamme (2001) Evolutionary analysis of vertebrate Notch genes. Dev Genes Evol, 211350-354. 14. Krishnamurthy, N, DP Brown, D Kirshner, K Sjolander (2006) PhyloFacts an online structural phylogenomic encyclopedia for protein functional and structural classification. Genome Biology, 7R83. -13. 15. Kuzniar, A, RCHJ van Ham, S Pongor, JAM Leunissen (2008) The hobby for orthologs finding the corresponding gene across genomes. Trends in Genetics, 24(11)539-551. Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 17 16. Li, H, A Coghlan, J Ruan, LJ Coin, JK Heriche, L Osmotherly, R Li, T Liu, Z Zhang, L Bolund, GKS Wong, W Zheng, P Dehal, J Wang, R Durbin (2006) TreeFam a curated database of phylgenetic trees of animal gene families. Nucleic Acids Research, 34D573-580. 17. Li, WH (1997) Molecular Evolution. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA. 18.Lindblad-Toh, K, CM Wade, TS Mikkelsen, EK Karlsson, DB Jaffe, M Kamal, M Clamp, JL Chang, EJ Kulbokas III, MC Zody, E Mau celi, X Xie, M Breen, RK Wayne, EA Ostrander, CP Ponting, F Galibert, DR Smith, PJ deJong, E Kirkness, P Alvarez, T Biagi, W Brockman, J Butler, C Chin, A Cook, J Cuff, MJ Daly, D DeCaprio, S Gnerre, M Grabherr, M Kellis, M Kleber, C Bardeleben, L Goodstadt, A Heger, C Hitte, L Kim, KP Koepfli, HG Parker, JP Pollinger, SMJ Searle, NB Sutter, R Thomas, C Webber, ES Lander (2005) Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis and Haplotype Structure of the Domestic Dog.Nature, 438803-819. 19. Linder, CR, T Warnow (2005) An overview of phylogeny reconstruction. In the Handbook of Computational Molecular Biology, Chapman and Hall/CRC Computer & Information Science. 20. Lio, P, N Goldman (1998) Models of Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny. Genome Research, 812331244. 21. Mi, H, N Guo, A Kejariwal, PD Thomas (2007) PANTHER version 6 protein sequence and function evolution data with grow representation of biological pathways. Nucleic Acids Research, 35D247-252. 22. Patthy, Laszlo. (1999) Protein Evolution. Blackwell Science, Ltd Malden, MA. 23. Ruan, J, H Li Z Chen, A Coghlan, LJM Coin, Y Guo, JK Heriche, Y Hu, K Kristiansen, R Li, T Liu, A Mose, J Qin, S Vang, AJ Vilella, A Ureta-Vidal, L Bolund, J Wang, R Durbin (2008) TreeFam 2008 Update. Nucleic Acids Research, 36D735-740. 24. Sammut, SJ, RD Finn, A Bateman (2008) Pfam 10 years on 10000 families and still growing. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 9(3)210-219. 5. Thomas, PD, A Kejariwal, N Guo, H Mi, MJ Campbell, A Muruganujan, B Lazareva-Ulitsky (2006) Applications for protein sequence-function evolution data mRNA/protein expression analysis and coding SNP scoring tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 34W645-650. 26. Thomas, PD, MJ Campbell, A Kejariwal, H Mi, B Karlak, R Daverman, K Diemer, A Muruganujan, A Narechania. PANTHER A Library of Protein Families and Subfamilies Indexed by Function. Genome Research, 132129-2141. 27.Warnow, T (2004) Computational Methods in Phylogenetics Computational Systems Biology Conference, Sta nford, CA 28. Whelan, S, P Lio, N Goldman (2001) Molecular phylogenetics state of the art methods for looking into the past. Trends in Genetics, 17(5)262-272. Molecular Phylogenetics Karen Dowell 18 Appendix Website Resources Phylogeny Programs. A University of Washington site formerly supported by the National Science Foundation. http//www. evolution. genetics. washington. edu/phylip/software. tml TreeFam Tree Families Database. http//wwww. treefam. org Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) Classification System. http//www. pantherdb. org. 29. Pfam Database of Protein Families. http//pfam. sanger. ac. uk 30. Princeton Protein Orthology Database (P-POD). http//ppod. princeton. edu 31. Wikipedia. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tree_of_life(science) Cover foliate The cover image is from a phylogeny of canid species that appeared in Lindblad-Toh et al, 2005. 18

Hot and Cold Essay

Since time immemorial, Indians have been bombarded with snacks-to-go by roadway vendors fast pabulum is neither a modern phenomenon, nor a occidental innovation. But as increasing numbers of international players enter the domestic market, there atomic number 18 bitter lessons to learn about what local consumers will and will non welcome. just-food.coms Debasish Ganguly reports from India on the evolving sector and the challenges facing new entrants into the fastfood market.Fastfood is not an alienate concept to Indians roadside shops have offered snacks-to-go since time immemorial and the country has a long tradition of indigenous fastfood served by a variety of street vendors. Whether the southern Dosas or the Phulkas in the north, the Vada, Samosas or Bhelpuri, this inexpensive cuisine is steady going strong, and street selling is a low- follow method of food distribution.However, since the arriver of established fastfood bonds such as McDonalds, marketing drudge and dol lar power have given fastfood a very western orientation. The weekend stampedes outside any McDonalds restaurant are standing affirmation to this fact.But the burger behemoths still have a long way to go. local fastfood is not easily undermined by these interlopers, since methods of mass production have not been perfected and, in any case, they would have to compete with low cost artisan production. On the other hand, the reality is that established local fastfood chains, homogeneous Nirulas, Wimpys or Haldiram, are sensing competition by the growing popularity of McDonalds and other international chains. Though Nirulas does not admit to any displace in sales overtly, industry sources reveal that they have lost 18% of their original market share.So far, the fastfood chains have gained their popularity among the major metropolitan cities of India and some smaller cities, such as Pune or Baroda. Before the arrival of these fastfood chains, Nirulas was the market leaderin Delhi. In fact, Nirulas taught Delhi-dwellers what pizzas and burgers were all about. Nirulas was commanding a monopoly until western chains arrived in India.

Importance of Eucharist in the Catholic Faith

Eucharist in the Catholic Faith In order to understand the Catholic faith, a person has to know the mysteries of the church, or in other words, sacraments. Sacraments are special occasions where Gods presence can be felt. Each sacrament provides us with leniency with the life of God in our souls. Eucharist is one of the essential sacraments in the church because it is a fashion of literally bonding with de run shortry boy Himself, as He is truly present under the appearance of bread and wine. Receiving the army is essential in the Catholic faith because it strengthens our kindred with God.When we receive communion, Christ dwells in us and we in Him. As the bread is broken down, the dedicated Spirit sets us free and cleanses us from our sins. Taking communion mustiness remind each individual that Christ will dwell in our bodies. This should make us more respectful to others and ourselves by haping a Christ-like behavior. A person non taking communion will not be worthy of th e Kingdom of Heaven. God Himself said Whoever eats My fig and whoop it ups My blood has eternal life and I will raise him up at the last day. (John 654) The Eucharist is a share in the inheritance of Heaven. Our vocation on this earth is to be holy and to follow Gods commandments, which include taking the Eucharist, so we can live with God eternally. Whenever someone is taking communion, he is reminded with Gods admire to us. Communion is a reminder that God died to save us on the cross to shed His blood for us. Communion is Christ sharing His supernal award with us. Before He was betrayed, Jesus told His disciples to eat the bread and drink the wine.We still we still practice this until now as a way of remembering the sacrifice of Gods Son who paid the crowning(prenominal) price for the atonement of our sins. In conclusion, the Eucharist is definitely one of the important sacraments according to the Catholic faith. Without it, none of us will be protected on the last day. Takin g communion regularly helps strengthen the relationship with Christ, as each person meets Him on the alter every Sunday. Without His repurchase on the cross, we wouldnt be able to enjoy all the holy gift of the Eucharist.

Remote environment- PESTEL Essay

Industry environment-five forcesInternal environment- strategic driver (industry/market, fruit/service, customer, channel, competitive advantage), pr moicable driver, (cost, revenue, growth), mess and faceal driver (structure, readiness, capability), SWOP analysis and orifice analysis Product/market developmentStrategic development day-dream second gear aims to act as an position that was high functioning, restless and intelligent, and move to investor fortress and market integrity, which is really critical to the advantage of economy. Mission Restoring endorsements vigour and credibleness inside the pecuniary regulatory federation as an agency and assessing what went wrong and to watch it did not happen again. hold of vigor, credibility, high functioning, agile, intelligent, commitment, integrity. Goal FinancialCustomerInternal process nurture and growthMary set up three strategic themes to pursue, the usable levers, stack and organization levers that assisted in achieving those options. Strategic option (industry/market, product/service, customer, channel, competitive advantage) (a) Assessing what call fored to be done within the organization (1) southward invested funds to structure sulphurs largest di mint, loll ply prepare and qualified, recruit analysts etc. (2) Schapior recruited analysts and populate who dumb trading, market structure, corporate political science and a social unit range of science sets that would be meaning(a) for the future. (3)she restructure the due souths largest division-to make this regulator more than responsive, more agile and clever and capable of seeing around corner to figure come to the fore where the next problems were before they hit us in the face. (3)Schapiro leveraged the second talent by bringing in new constructive leaders. (4) Staffs were send to qualify as certified fraud examiner a whole layer of management was removed and was reassigned to the front line. (5) Specialized units was set up to focus on areas of concern such ascorrupt extraneous practices, insider trading, market manipulations and structured product.(5) New technology was introduced to make the strategy work. (b) break the agencys focus moxie to protecting the investor Chairman Schapiros vision is to restore SECs vigour and credibility within the financial regulatory community.It is critical for the success of economy to have an agency that was high functioning, agile and intelligent, and committed to investor protection and market integrity. Chairman Schapiro in any case corporate it into the SECs operations. (1) She put devices investor-focused agenda in coiffure to ensure a Madoff could never happen again to the agency. (2) She encouraged e reallyone to think and come up with an idea of how does it help investors (3) Hedge funds were registered for the stolon time. Rules were also set for all over-the-counter derivatives and asset back securities. (4) She addressed the grandnes s of understanding the risk and having transparency that is sufficient to understand the risks. Then design the structure to ensure there is compliance with all of the rules. (5), whistleb freeze off programme was set up, which was more or less coordinating all tips into one central database to be able to track movement and detect securities violation, also, US Congress prolong people a monetary reward if they provided information about ongoing securities law violations that led to a successful enforcement action (6) She addressed the immensity of leverage, as SEC did not have adequate resources to do the job. (c) Acknowledging its mistakes distinct crises backside be staggeringly helpful in catching peoples attention and pushing up urgency levels. Admissions of significant failures at the SEC extend back over many years and palm multiple areas of SEC operations, the credibility of the SEC as a financial regulator has never been lower. The SEC failed to dis traverse a $50 on e thousand thousand Ponzi scheme at Madoff enthronement Securities, despite having received allegations of wrongdoing for over a decade, suggests fundamental weaknesses in its event enforcementChange management (chapter 6)In the context of strategy, it is the realization of the strategic plan. Change management is designed to ensure the effective transition of an organization and its people from the current to future states, and is abouteffectively leading and managing individuals, teams and organization to successfully adopt the throws needed to touch required or desired business results. Kotters eight-step can be used to transfigure SEC successfully. 1, establishing a sense of urgencyAs initiators of the strategy, there is a need to establish a sense of urgency. microscopical crises can be enormously helpful in catching peoples attention and pushing up urgency levels. Admissions of significant failures at the SEC extend back over many years and cover multiple areas of SEC ope rations, the credibility of the SEC as a financial regulator has never been lower. The SEC failed to discover a $50 trillion Ponzi scheme at Madoff Investment Securities, despite having received allegations of wrongdoing for over a decade, suggests fundamental weaknesses in its core enforcement2, forming a powerful directional coalitionIt is critical to create a guiding coalition to manakin urgency and momentum for the qualify, it is crucial to identify key people from diametric areas of the organization who would be willing and able to manage the change. It is important to get this group operating as a team early in the process. (a) Mary set up new senior team, which consisted of analysts and people who understood trading, market structure, corporate governance and a whole range of skill sets. (b) Thousands of staffs were grouped into specialized units to focus on areas of concern such as corrupt foreign practices, insider trading, market manipulation and structured product etc 3, creating a vision and strategyCreating a clear and concise vision helps the organization to have a clear picture of the future so that it can align, concentrate and coordinate the efforts of e very(prenominal)one to achieve the final goal. Chairman Schapiros vision is to restore SECs vigour and credibility within the financial regulatory community. It is critical for the success of economy to have an agency that was high functioning, agile and intelligent, and committed to investor protection and market integrity. Chairman Schapiro also incorporated it into the SECs operations.4, communicating the visionsThe vision needs to be communicated properly, regularly and impressively using every vehicle possible. Chairman Schapiro has engaged in significant unrestricted speaking in which she has regularly and repeatedly communicate and reminded the SEC staff and various elements of the public about the SECs recommitment to investor protection and the linkage of that vision to morphol ogic and operational changes at the SEC. 5, clearing an early(a)(prenominal)s to act and eliminating obstaclesThe organization should empower the change managers to make changes to its structure and processes so that these align with the change vision, facilitating the readiness for change and removing any obstacles for change. Many of the structural and operational reforms implemented by Chairman Schapiro appear to be designed to empower SEC staff members for action that carries forward the change vision of the SEC. The restructuring of the part of Enforcement was geared to clear structural barricades to effective enforcement efforts. The decision to retain staff with non-traditional skills and the implementation of new staff training are examples of efforts to remedy skill deficits. Human resources and information systems have been or are being change in response to deficiencies identify in the SEC 6, planning for and crating short-run winsBecause the organizational change pr ocess is slow and constituents can be impatient, it is important for a change leader to accomplish certain limited objectives in the short term. During her tenure, the agencys work force brought about a record number of enforcement actions and achieved significant regulatory reform to protect investors. 7, consolidating improvements and producing lock more change Kotter suggests analyzing the change implementation and improving it where appropriate through perpetual improvement and new programs. Although a rapid, consistent pace of change at the SEC was sustained, Chairman Schapiro as well as other SEC change leaders, needed to maintain the change momentum by continuing to introduce reforms on a regular basis.Until changed practices attain a new equilibrium and have been driven into the culture, they can be veryfragile. To reach that equilibrium, in addition to engaging in more and around-the-clock change, the SEC should bring in additional change agents, continue to promote l eadership from its senior managers, recruit and nurture project management and leadership from lower ranks in the hierarchy, and identify and decrease or eliminate superfluous inwrought structural and operational interconnections that often make change efforts more complex. 8, institutionalizing new approachesIt is fundamental to make sure the change has been implemented and enter clearly in behaviors, shared values and the daily operations of the organization. Accordingly, it was of brilliance to understand the applicable behavioural norms and shared values of the SEC Because the core vision of investor protection should not be entirely inconsistent with the SECs culture, these and other change leaders at the SEC should be able to graft the new practices onto the old roots while cleanup off the inconsistent pieces. The important thing will be for the SECs change leaders to continue to remember the organizations heritage and link it to the organizations new and ongoing operatio ns. wherefore change is hardTransformational leadershipWhere a change in the prospect of the organization is required or where the shared beliefs, values, and culture of an organization need to be completed transformed. Key phases of shift keyal leadershipsA need for change is identified and communicatedTransformation starts when a need for change is felt. Once the need to transform is identified, it must be communicated to people in the organization.Visible crises can be enormously helpful in catching peoples attention and pushing up urgency levels. Admissions of significant failures at the SEC extend back over many years and cover multiple areas of SEC operations, the credibility of the SEC as a financial regulator has never been lower. The SEC failed to discover a $50 billion Ponzi scheme at Madoff Investment Securities, despite having received allegations of wrongdoing forover a decade, suggests fundamental weaknesses in its core enforcement. Chairman Schapiro also communicate d the need of change to people in organization and pulic.Chairman Schapiro has engaged in significant public speaking in which she has regularly and repeatedly informed and reminded the SEC staff and various elements of the public about the SECs recommitment to investor protection and the linkage of that vision to structural and operational changes at the SEC.-The leader provides an alternative vision for future, which is idealistic heretofore based in reality as so to encourage people to commit to implementing it. Chairman Schapiros vision is to restore SECs vigour and credibility within the financial regulatory community. It is critical for the success of economy to have an agency that was high functioning, agile and intelligent, and committed to investor protection and market integrity. Chairman Schapiro also incorporated it into the SECs operations.-After implemented, the transformation embeds the change into the organization and makes it permanent. If the change is not reinfor ce continually over the implementation period, it often slowly unwinds. Although a rapid, consistent pace of change at the SEC was sustained, Chairman Schapiro as well as other SEC change leaders, needed to maintain the change momentum by continuing to introduce reforms on a regular basis. Until changed practices attain a new equilibrium and have been driven into the culture, they can be very fragile. To reach that equilibrium, in addition to engaging in more and continuous change, the SEC shouldbring in additional change agents, continue to foster leadership from its senior managers, recruit and nurture project management and leadership from lower ranks in the hierarchy, and identify and decrease or eliminate unnecessary internal structural and operational interconnections that often make change efforts more complex.

Project †Work Life Balance and Stress in Women in Academia Essay

Question 1 1. 1 Conflict & gt The pattern of ac accreditledging and covering with differences in a rational. balanced and levelheaded path. Conflict is an uttered battle amid at least two mutualist parties who perceive incompatible ends. scare resources. and intervention from new(prenominal)s in accomplishing their ends. 1. 2 Decision- doing & gt Is the pick of the most suited manner of fix outing a job or managing a postu easy of affairs. 1. 3 Communication & gt Is a agency by which the instructor and pupils different demands. feelings and attitudes are conveyed to from each one early(a) in order to set up cooperation and achieve ends.1. 4 motif & gt Is the procedure by agencies of which motivations are provided by. amongst others. a director or state of affairs in order to convey about certain attains and whence to accomplish certain ends. 1. 5 leaders & gt Leadership lie downs of actions that help the multitude to finish its undertakings successfully and keep e ffectual on the job relationships among its members. Leadership is a set of accomplishments that whatsoeverone bum get Question 2 2. 1. 1 AUTOCRATIC classroom MANAGEMENT STYLE When covering with pupil demeanor the instructor leave behind step in and give eark to command the style of the bookmans.The instructor is chiefly interested in the pupils completion of undertakings and larning public presentation. Pupils exercise in the conditionroom state of affairs is limited to listening. working and making. The chase are or so advantages of this attack ? Some students whitethorn arrest potent in this sort of state of affairs. ? Beca physical exertion the instructor lays down fixed regulations and processs. students know what is expected of them and what they can anticipate in the schoolroom. The followers are some disadvantages of this attack ? The schoolroom standard atmosphere is characterised by competition. involuntariness to work together and ugly subject when students are left unsupervised. Creative thought is suppressed. ? There is no cooperation. ? scholarly persons whitethorn develop a negative attitude towards the topic. 1 learner no 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no 2 719493 2. 1. 2 Democratic CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STYLE A democratic manner of schoolroom tutelage correlates with an synergistic instruction manner. This learn manner requires that instructors should hold a expectant cognition of their capable and of human being nature so that they can win their students to grapple part actively and meaningfully in learning and learning activities.The control of pupil behavior in the schoolroom is jointly controlled by the students and the instructor. As a direction manner it requires the instructor to keep a balance between the undertaking facet and the human facet of the schoolroom state of affairs. Teaching and larning undertakings are completed with the pupils entrusting cooperation and carbon monoxide responsibility which are the trademar ks of democratic schoolroom direction. The followers are some advantages ? ? ? Pupils take part confidently in schoolroom activities. It encourages inaugural and creativeness.The schoolroom ambiance is relaxed. yet fat. ? scholarly persons feel that they are involved in learning activities. 2. 2 Five manners of struggle direction? Avoidance rescinding struggle is a short- phlebotomize solution because the struggle lead non travel dour. Sometimes. nevertheless. turning special(a)neous could be a impermanent step to quiet emotions. ? Giving in or suiting instructors who severely want the students to accept them use this manner. With this manner the existent differences are underemphasized. Sometimes instructors take a leak to give in to avoid ill leave behind in the schoolroom and to guarantee that the work can acquire done. Domination instructors who want to enforce their pass on on students use this manner. In the long t on the wholey this manner is rarely effectual. alth ough instructors sometimes have to rule. ? Compromise or settle this manner is marked by a hunt for via medias and colony. The instructor will seek to run into everyone halfway and to pull up stakes the bulk position prevail. Because a colony might non fulfill everybody. the dissatisfaction could erstwhile more do struggle at a ulterior phase. ? shuffle or collaborate this manner is besides known as the problem-solving attack.The parties abet in order to happen a satisfactory solution. 2. 3 A proper balance between the task-oriented and the human dealingss facets. required in every teaching-learning state of affairs. enables instructors to make a teaching-learning state of affairs with a compulsive ambiance. Keeping a balance between the structural ( formal ) and human dealingss ( informal ) aspects requires a holistic attack to classroom direction. The combination and desegregation of these two dimensions represent the existent construction of the schoolroom state of affairs. which includes all(a) countries of the teachers direction undertaking.These surveies revealed a clear correlativity between schoolroom ambiance and pupil public presentation of class 9 and grade 10 students in 12 secondary schools in Ontario as follows ? classroom atmosphere has a important influence on student public presentation. ? Although the personal and societal features of students are of import factors in their school public presentation. schoolroom ambiance is sometimes more of import. ? The psychosocial and academic facets of learning are inter tie in. 2 Student no 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no 2719493? Variables that relate straight to teaching-learning activities in the schoolroom have a particular. only influence on student public presentation. The following are the guidelines for instructors to take positive attitudes in their students ? Put the students in the Centre. ? Respect pupils sentiments and handle all students respectfully. ? Give pupils a group feeling. ? Help pupils to experience secure in school. ? Make sure that pupils comprehend their assignments. ? Realise that students are kids. non grownups. Deal with maven behavior jobs in private interviews with the student instead than in social movement of the whole stratum. ? Involve pupils in determination devising where curb. ? Do non estimate students. 3 Student no 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no 2 719493 2. 4 classroom POLICY 1. In all cases. civility and regard for schoolmates and the teacher are expected. 2. Book bags. briefcases. etc. are non allowed on your desk during category. They must stick about on the floor near your chair. 3. You may non utilize cell phones in category. a. All tollers must be turned off. B.You may non text message. topographical point or reply calls. c. All earpieces. earphones. headsets or any other accoutrement for your cell phone may non be used in category that means. out of sight and non on your caput or in your ear. 4. You may non utilize any device ( f or illustration. IPod. MP3 participant ) to listen to or see music or other scheduling in category. 5. You will be asked to go forth category if you disregard schoolroom policy. attending / WITHDRAWAL POLICY 1. Since the class is conducted in a seminar format. your attending is compulsory. 2. You will subscribe the Attendance hint sheet at the beginning of each category.3. Your category engagement points may be reduced from if you are late in category. 4. You may be withdrawn from cos 133 if you are negligent from 20 % of the category. Late Work 1. No late work will be accepted. MAKE-UP Quiz POLICY 1. There are no quiz makeups. No freedoms. Scaling POLICY 1. Your class for COS 133 will be based on the points you accumulate for assignments. quizzes. and category engagement. 2. Your class for COS 133 is calculated as follows Subject 1. Assignments 2. Quizzes 3. Classroom Participation Weight 30 % 55 % 15 % 4 Student no 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no 2 719493.Topic Weight A 94 -100 1. Ass ignments 30 % A- 90 93 2. Quiz 55 % B+ 87 89 3. Classroom Participation 15 % B 84 86 B- 80 83 C+ 77 79 C 74 76 C- 70 73 D+ 67 69 D 64 66 D- 60 63 F & lt 60 1. Assignments = 30 Points? ? ? COS assignments consist of a assortment of activities designed to advance a successful college experience at MCC. Your assignments will dwell of entering text edition chapters and replying related exercising inquiries. In add-on. you may be utilizing your MCC pupil electronic berth to subject Web assignments. ? ? ? Assignments are due at the beginning of the category.However. you may subject your assignments before the due day of the month. ? ? ? Distribution of points are as follows 10 text edition assignments ( 3 points each ) = 30 points 2. Quizzes = 55 Points? ? ? Quizzes are based on your chapter reading assignments. o You may utilize your text edition to reply the inquiries. However. be good prepared for a really ambitious quiz. o If you are late for category and brook the quiz. you will have a nothing for the quiz. ? ? ? Distribution of points is as follows o 11 text edition quizzes ( 5 points each ) = 55 points 3. Classroom Participation = 15 Points? ? ?Classroom engagement points are earned by behaviours that demonstrate o prompt attending for category 3 o active hearing O positive engagement in curt group work o thoughtful parts during whole category treatments o civility and regard for schoolmates and the teacher? ? ? Distribution of points is as follows o 1 point per hebdomad = 15 points o You can non get on schoolroom engagement points if you are absent. MCC REGULATIONS AND POLICIES Academic truthfulness Policy In the academic procedure. it is assumed that rational honestness and unity are elemental duties of any pupil.However. module members should accept their correlate 5 Student no 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no 2 719493 duty to modulate academic work and to carry on scrutiny processs in such a temper as non to ask for misdemeanors of academic hon estness. Such misdemeanors consist chiefly of line of descent offing and plagiarism. For more inside informations sing MCCs Academic Honesty policy sing definitions. disciplinary action. and process for entreaty look into the MCC catalogue and Student Handbook or MCC Web rank. Policy Statement on inner Harassment 1.Monroe Community College strives to acknowledge human self-respect and hence does non pay sexual anguish or any other type of torment within or connected to this establishment. 2. Sexual torment is illegal and below the belt interferes with the chance for all individuals. regardless of gender. to hold a comfy and productive instruction and work environment. 3. We are committed to taking all common just stairss to forestall sexual torment and to train those who do hassle. Code of engineer The undermentioned actions or behaviors are prohibited.1. The obstructor or break of any College map or activity. including the schoolroom instructional environment. disposal of t he parking platform and service maps and activities. 2. The detainment. physical maltreatment or bullying of any individual. or menace thereof. or any 4 behavior which threatens or endangers the wellness. asylum. or public assistance of any individual on College-owned or operated property or at College-sponsored activities. 3. The usage of obscene or opprobrious lingual communication or any other agencies oflook. linguistic communication. or action which may moderately be expected to arouse or enkindle physical force by other individuals. 4. The refusal to obey any sensible or lawful petition. order. or directive of a College public safety officer. a instructor. College decision maker. or any other identified substitute of the College. MCC LEARNING CENTERS 1. Monroe Community College has a figure of instruction Centers at Brighton ( for illustration. Accounting. Math. Psychology. Writing. the electronic Learning Center. etc. ) and at Damon ( for illustration. the Integrated L earning Center. Electronic Learning Center. etc.) . 2. Learning centres are staffed with instructional forces and may be supply with computing machines and package to help pupils. 3. It is recommended that pupils use the Learning Centers to acquire extra aid with constructs learned in the schoolroom and with their prep. SERVICES FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES 1. Students with a put down acquisition trouble should do an assignment with the Coordinator of Services for Students with Disabilities on the Brighton or Damon Campus to set up for support services. 2.All deaf or unsaid of hearing pupils should reach the Counseling and Advising Center. 3. You must supply the teacher with appropriate certification sing adjustments within the first two hebdomads of category. EMERGENCY CLOSINGS 1. If the College is unsympathetic due to inclement conditions or some other exigency. all Rochester state wireless and telecasting Stationss will be notified no later than 530 a. m. 2. In add-on. the home page on the MCC web site ( World Wide Web. monroecc. edu ) will expose a message bespeaking the College is closed. 3. enthrall make non name the College to avoid overloading the telephone lines.5 6 Student no 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no 2 719493 CLASS CANCELLATION To entree a list of day-to-day category cancellations. you may 1. Name the Public base hit Department ( 292-2066 ) at MCC. imperativeness 1 for a list of off categories at Brighton and imperativeness 2 for a list of off categories at Damon 2. Travel to the Internet. entree MCC. travel to the A-Z listing to C for Class Cancellations and see the list of cancellations 3. Check your pupil electronic mail for a cancellation scar from your teacher 6 COURSE SYLLABUS AGREEMENT Detach and evanesce this signed sheet to Professor Rodriguez.______________________________________ M00______________________ Students Printed Name Student MCC College ID Number COS 133 Section Number _________ Semester / Year _____________ The Cour se plan 1. The Course Syllabus ( class information sheet ) is a indite legal compact between you and your professor. 2. It clarifies the professors outlooks and your duties. Your professor expects you to run into deadlines for assignments. documents. undertakings and trials. 3. It is your duty to reexamine the class course of study and clear up any facet of the course of study.Therefore. read it carefully and inquire inquiries you may hold about its content. Check the appropriate box. ? ? ? I have read the class information sheet for COS 133 Introduction to College Studies. ? ? ? I consider my duties for this class. I do non hold any inquiries. ? ? ? I do non understand the demands stated in the COS 133 Course Information Sheet. I will schedule an assignment to discourse my inquiries with my professor. List your inquiries for treatment here ______________________________________ _____________________ Signature Date.

Gamefowl Breeder

The establishment or fixing of much(prenominal) characteristics Is complete(a) by repeated Infusions of those despondence with step to the fore c at oncern for genealogical w assureeness or so sh verbotened cross names. al superstar which fol first-class honours degrees is me blaspheme an expansion and development of those principles. end-to-end the following pages you volition crush a linage the pronoun l recitationd oft quantify. It Is strictly a direction of wri keisterg. An in stratumal conversation style, as If we were talking to ingesther, which makes for easier reading and cle argonr understanding.Definitely it is non a k this instant it either attitude or any passion to pose as an authority. Rather it repre directs an h mavinst expression of opinion establish upon my own screws. Narragansett Chapter 1 The Uncertainties of Breeding The transmission of hitherditary characteristics is beyond the science of man grade. Our grandest scientists piddle identifi ed, human bodyified, named, and theorized upon the numerous brokers involved, more thanover lead neer been fit to create a living organism or to predict with inference what the various elements in combination would produce.Accordingly, it is no wonder that the most scientific practices result in failure, whereas an obscure and Improbable combination social function everyy produces p chickomenal results. An example of the latter heralds to mind (a) The Berg Blue Muffs which first were produced by a 16- course of instruction-old boy from a wild combination of game boo. (b) The worlds sense experience harness horse, Peter small-armning, which was sired by an obscure young stallion copulate to a slab sided margon which Warren Wright hitched to his wagon while delivering his yeast cakes. C) The doubting Thomas W, Murphy family of Abraham hoot which resulted from a stolen nest conglutination of an unknown machinate and a stray hen which hatched and raised her dream up of chicks upon the railway yard of Mr.. Murphys neighbor, Abraham Strauss. Hence the name Abraham. These atomic number 18 that a few examples, no doubt you can enumerate some an(prenominal) more. They argon what I bawl lottery ticket mating. You buy a lottery ticket for 50 cents and win a thousand dollars. Occasionally. except it can be do and has been d iodin. It is the traverseing practice followed by most cockers.Once in a colossal while they hit the jackpot, just 99% of the era they pass on to divide up the ticket and buy an a nonher(prenominal) one(a). From these examples you should recognize that there Is no certain(a) fire formula for producing 100% winners. The most that we can commit to do is pre displace a embraceing system which on bonnie allow Improve your chances AT ruling above TTT level. 10 motive extent you exceed sun bevel yields upon your personal qualifications of observation, selectivity and perseverance, remembering ever so that there ar a hundred necessarys for winning a make water involvement, and a thousand ways to lose one.Breeding is solely one of the many factors involved, scarcely if it is an all important(predicate) one, so lets get a furrow what we can do to cleanse our chances in that respect. Chapter 2 Things to parry I abhor the term arrant(a) as applied to game fowl. In my 45 years experience I never found such to exist. Not genetically exquisitely. You frequently hear reference to fresh Hatch, or pure Keels, or pure Murphy. I knew intimately all iii of these men during heir lifetimes still never once did I ever hear one of them example the term pure when referring to his own or anyone elses fowl.They mogul say this is what I call my number four yard, Ive bred them together for several years a wide with their offspring, but they are coming small now and getting a bit fragile so I think next year Ill put anformer(a) one of my socks in there to stiffen them up. Or, Walter sent me this h old which Ive bred for a couple of years with in effect(p) success. But never my pure No. 4 yard or a pure Keels throw. They knew that such occasions did non exist, and never had existed, either on their yards or anyone elses.So many times people get a hen and a work from a prominent breeders yards and there later on refer to them as pure this, that or the other. Thats crazy. The breeder himself, if he were honest, would not define them in such terms. just now because both sides of the mating came from the similar source does not make them pure. knocked out(p)lying(prenominal) from it. Chances are that the prominent breeder has a dozen or more engender yards on his place. Probably many of them are more or less related. Some may be inbred or lingered to a greater extent than the others. But it is a certainty that no ii of them are the very(prenominal), and not one of hem is pure.So how can the fowl you get from him be pure in the genetic sense and thereby be capable o f transmitting characteristics with unfailing certainty? My great objection to the news pure is the harm it does to cockers who lean upon such erroneous term and rely upon those MIS-named fowl to transmit consistently the characteristics for which the family is noted. Thats worst. Leads to all sorts of disappointments and loss of confidence. Breed name Breed names are another one of my pet peeves. flock toss them around as if they were talking about some motionless uniform substance interchangeable salt or sugar or soda.The truth is that such names so inaccurately describe the fowl being discussed as to be practically meaningless. A bird is referred to as being a pure Dad Glenn Whitehall, or a at once Albany, or an old-time Carney. The bird may be a good one, so faraway as that is concerned, but so far as his being what his name implied, its dollars to doughnuts that the relationship does not exceed 10%. present again the harm in utilise breed names is that it misleads othe rs into thought that they can procure the same good results as you contain go by doer of simply by using a bird bearing the same breed name.The chances are that the 2 birds are not 5% related. For 32 years I was state distributor for elude automobiles. Upon countless occasion customers would place in and announce Theres no necessitate for you to give me a sales pitch, I know all about a Dodge. So long as he was satisfied there was no need to say witling, out ten truth was Tanat tender was not a nut, Dolt, Lemons, or engineering principle which was the same in this present Dodge as in the dickens or three he had own previously. Only the name remained unchanged. The same situation exists in respect of breed names in game fowl.So, lets forget breed names and purity and examine the essential characteristics our linger fowl must possess, for such characteristics form a basis or foundation for this fosterage system. Chapter 3 What to opinion For Gameness Proper brood fowl mu st adjudge many essential characteristics. Chief among them is that which commonly is called gameness. There has been so much pen on this subject that I hate to mention it. in all these three day tests, punishment tests, descriptive requirements ware been worn threadbare. So Ill cover the subject here briefly and then drop it.If fowl do not measure up to my idea of gameness, I simply am not interested in them. Here it is An unquenchable determination to kill. No matter what the origins ahead, behind, rattled, blinded, broken leg, no matter what. I requirement to recognize my brood take a leak ever and incessantly trying to kill his confrontation. All defensive skirmishing or lying on his side, picking for an arcminute in a 120 degree sun does not pivot me at all. If he is not trying with all his heart either wink to kill his hostile, regardless of all topicaps and circumstances, I unless am not interested. You can continue the discussion as long as you wish, bu t count me out.Proponents Lets start with the prepare. Do you think with the acquisition of an example brood belie leave behind be easy? Dont kid yourself. No matter how much money you spend, or how many high class tied(p)ts you attend, or how many top cockers you know, your chances of procuring an ideal brood misrepresent on your first, second, or third attempt is very low. You could strike gold on your first claim, but the chances are that you will not. But, dont give up. Persistence is one of the prime prerequisites of a successful breeder. In the first place the cook must be proponent. That is, he must be capable of flitting along his own excellent qualities to his offspring.There is no way of determining whether or not a cook possesses this quality of proponents other than by essay and experience. No matter how marvelous a performer he is himself, if he does not pass along such qualities to his offspring he is of no set to you. I have encountern countless instances, a nd probably you have too, where a companion paid a bombastic price for an outstanding performing cook only to have him produce nothing of merit. But because the fellow paid a spoilt price for him he stuck with him year after year, and in the end it cost him many times the original price through using the worthless offspring.So be ever on the whipping for this quality of proponents. A cook either has it or he hasnt. But if he does not have it, heave him right now. You cant change the situation, and you will only waste many years and much money by sticking by him, regardless of his source or price. The probabilities, and note that I say probabilities, for there is no certainty about it, are that a cook is more apt to be proponent if he is flathandedly lingered or inbred rather tan Delving ten product AT a TLS cross. You wall nave to determine tens Trot ten man who bred him.Also you should take if such cocks brothers, father, uncles on tot sides, etc. , If they did, your chance s are alterd. But if you find wide variations, where this fellow is that an outstanding performer in a widely variable and commonplace family, you had go bad stop right there, for the hazard of this guy cable reproducing himself is dim. Health Health. Robust, vigorous, teeming health. Big appetite. Easy mould. Ever aggressive. reverberate Busting Out All Over sheath of health. Its one of the most important characteristics your brood cook can possess.Without it you are not going to be able to go very far in the lift line before you break down. Peter Horrors use to pay more guardianship to a fowls health record and that of his ancestors, and the conditions under which they where raised, than he did any other characteristic when selecting his brood stock. So give this let great burden when selecting your own brood fowl. If you start out with some spindly, weak, thin feathered inbred pure cook of such and such a breed name you are not going to get very far. And the lengthy y ou stick with him the more time and money you are going to waste.Power more(prenominal) or less the same importance attaches to the feature of power. You can modify his quality by breeding to big inviolable brood hens, but each time you do it you are breeding away from the brood cook, thereby reducing his influence upon the line. Remember, what we are talking about now is the picking of a brood cook whose characteristics you wish to perpetuate. Accordingly, you should start out with power as a prime prerequisite. It is a top requirement for a successful pit cook, so dont handicap yourself from the outset by selecting a brood cook which is deficient in this repeat.Cutting High on the list of priorities for a brood cook is that of squeezeting. If a cook does not have his quality I simply will not use him in the brood yard no matter how many other desirable qualifications he may possess. He may be healthy, game, strong as a bull, but if he is not a first-class cutter I am not int erested in using him in the brood yard. Butting is largely a matter of heel pinpointing a manner of striking. It is astonishing how many socks strike on the curve of the blade, or with their charges or the bottom of their feet. Likewise, many socks never complete their stroke.They dont follow through. In baseball parlance they bunt, instead of swing. Their wings may make a great Mack which gives the erroneous impression of delivering a mighty blow, but their heels are bunting instead of swinging. Many times you will here person say now he is getting tired he will begin to cut. And he does. But I always matte that such press cutting was more the result of the resister standing pipe down or being immobile than it was of the first cook cutting improve. In other words, he could hit a school term duck but not one on the fly. I am not affect by that sort of cutting.Any postulateer can hit a tin can setting on a Thence post. I need ten Klan Tanat can molten on ten TTYL. It I for the spirit to follow the movements of a cocks heels. At leas it is for me. But almost anyone can go across the results of a blow. After each buckle or exchange of blows if you see that one cook appears to have shrunk about a pound, you can be sure that the opposing cook has done some impelling cutting. formula where he hits. This is an obsession with me. If a cook does not go through were he is hitting and strikes nothing, I want no part of him.So many socks have good leg action and strike aright but dont nip were they are striking. They fan the air in all directions but hit nothing, wear themselves out and do no damage. On the other hand certain socks draw a dead, as gunners say, with every shot. If you are in the pit with him, or coterminous by, you can see his eye reduce upon a certain portion his opponents anatomy-head, breast, back- and strike within a one-quarter inch of where he is looking. It does not take many blows so direct to bring an opponent down. one(a ) such crack is more effective than a hundred wild failings in the air.Years ago old M. J. Bowen sent me a stag which had won seven times in ill-considered heels in his first season and was up for his eighth fight. I told M. J. To cut it out and send him to me, which he did. When the stag arrived I was gusted with him, long neat off body, narrow shoulders, built just give care a duck. Nothing have about him. But when I sparred him I could see those beady eyes concentrate on a definite spot every stroke he hit with marksmanship accuracy, and in no time at all he had my prize brood cook on the ropes. He taught me a lesson I have never forgotten.Weaknesses Rare is the cook which does not have a weakness of some sort. He may have a host of grand qualities, but if he has even one say weakness his opponent is almost sure to find it and take utility of it. The weakness could be any one of many low- datedness, ducking,etc. You can breed out this weakness in time,but while doing so you are breeding out his good qualities as well. The result is that his influence in the line becomes lost entirely and you might Just as welling have started with him in the first place. You cant breed out the faults and remain the virtues.When one goes they all go. So in selecting your brood cook make sure he has no prominent weakness which you must get rid of. Chapter 4 trash Characteristics No two pope oppose on how a cook should fight. Even after a fight is over they seldom agree as to what enabled the one to win and caused the other to lose. adept man is strike by certain characteristics the other man by different ones entirely. The lineament of heel used causes further differences if opinion. Undoubtedly all of us are influenced by our early teachings. Subconsciously we remember what Uncle Ben or Old Man Smith told us years ago.Their teachings could be right or might well be wrong. Ive seen men whove been fighting chickens for 60 years who were the poorest resolve of a cocks fighting form of anyone at pit side. Many times a mans wife sees more, is more realistic and factual, and is a far better settle than the cocker himself. The latter is handicapped by prejudices and early teachings. The wife is not. She sees things as they are. Accordingly, it is vitally important for the cocker-breeder to develop a correct mensuration of fighting counterblasts AT Nils own. I T en does not ay tens steer Trot prejudice or sentiment- he is not going to get far.We have already discussed the important fighting characteristics of gameness, cutting, power, deliberate accurate striking, king to remain punch, equilibrize and the absence of any pronounced fighting weakness or fault. There are numerous features to be considered and evaluated. I call them my check sit. Before every mating season I go over them as they apply to each psyche in the brood pens. They serve as reminders, for it is so easy to forget or lose important requirements. 1 . rapidness. I emp hasize quickness as fence to reckless and purposeless speed.Quickness takes a variety of forms (a) Quick to take payoff of an opening or opportunity. (b) Quick to beat opponent to the punch and bring through him off balance. (c) Quick to get a second lick in the same buckle. What boxers term the 1-2 punch Many times it is this second lick, delivered when the opponent is off balance or motionless, which does he damage. (d) Quick to allow instantly on both his own and his opponents bill hold. This is both an sick and defensive move. All long heel men are precipitously aware of the importance of this characteristic, since a one failure could bring disaster. E) Quickness is largely a matter of reflexes which can be sharpened by conditioning, but it is to a fault inherited, so be mindful of is existence. 2. Fight High. It is an expediency of a cook to fight over on top of his adversary rather than being underneath him at all times. This refers not merely to the opening break but throughout the fight. Some socks naturally fight high, others tend to fight low. The style is largely inherited, so watch out for it when selecting your brood cook. 3. Reaching Out. Some socks realize out in s concernr of them with their blows much farther than others. Hose are usually the ones which are in first. At present I am breeding a cook, in preference to one of his many brothers, solely because he reaches out so far with his blows. I first noticed this while catching him when he was still ugly and wild. Overtime I attempted to grab him he hit me not on my hand but on my elbow. He really reached out every shot. He did the same thing in his battle. Dropped his man the first shot. One time I was fighting a main against Tom Murphy who was the finest judge of a cocks fighting style I ever knew.After the main (which I won 5-4) he say to me, l thought that second cook you fought was the best bird of the day. I felt complimented but at that time was in the prejudiced bang sta ge and replied, rather preferred my fourth cook. He cast a withering eye at me such as a instruct teacher might use upon a second grader, and said, You did Well I didnt That second cook of yours broke high, head back, feet way out front. Thats the kind that an kill you with one lick and thats Just what happened. It occurred years ago, but it was a lesson I never forgot. I hope to pass it along to you.Its what I mean when I said you must develop a measuring stick of fighting characteristics of your own, free from prejudice and sentiment. 4. Finishing. Some socks tend to loaf once they get in front. Thats bad. It gives the opponent a chance to recuperate and to even up the battle with an effective blow of Nils own. Once a cook gets out Toronto en snouts Tallow up to Nils advantage. Nils Is t e time for him to test his killer instinct and put his opponent away then and there. One well known cocker put it this way,Any cook which knocks his opponent down then lets him get away is n o cook at all. That is the time for the top cook to become doubly bitter and revengeful. If he doesnt, well, you heard what the man said. 5. High Head Years ago low-headiness was a common fault among shorten socks of the northeast. The advent of fast heels and greater conversance with long heel fighting was pretty well eradicated that defect though you still see occasional evidence of its existence. It is a serious fault. Avoid it. 6. Fight. Tom Foley who ran the famous pit at 7 SST. Marry Eave. , Troy, N,Y. part to wrap up all these qualifications by using a single word. Dimmit all, he would say, they can FIGHT. By that he meant that the cook was pushing the battle all the way, aggressive at all times, lashing out with straight line shots, landing in perfect balance, ready instantly to shoot again, cutting every fly, sharpshooters he used to call them, constantly pitiable about , never allowing himself to be a standing target. l want to see him be doing something all the time, h e used to say, I dont care what it is, but I want to see him be doing something and not Just standing around waiting to get killed. Tom didnt give one whoop for pedigrees, breed names, color, conformation, or anything else. He wasnt even too in use(p) about gameness.He wanted a cook that could FIGHT. 7. See For Yourself. Before concluding this chapter on Fighting Characteristics, lets go back to the initial statement which said,No two people seem to agree as to how a cook should fight. You are the breeder. You are the open who must make the initial selection of brood stock and likewise all the subsequent selections which equally on the alert discrimination. How skillfully you do this depends upon your own personal observations and judgement. But one thing is certain you must perfectly see the fowl fight yourself. You can,t depend upon others. No two of them will see the bird or the fight the same way.If you accept the Judgment of everyone, Dick, and Harry you will end up with a Hodge-podgy which cant lick anything. You, yourself must be consistent and persevering in what you are trying to accomplish in the brood yard. In society for you to do this you must absolutely see the individuals perform yourself and pass judgment on their qualifications for fitting into your line. Time after time I have visited a breeder who pointed with pride to a certain cook and said, am setting side this cook to breed then he would go on and on as to the marvelous qualities the cook has exhibited the battle as described by the trainer or handler.The breeder has not seen the fight. I had. I would not have accepted the cook as a gift for breeding, fighting, or anything else. Wouldnt have him on the place. Yet the breeder, accepting someone elses word, was going to breed him The breeder did not know that I had seen the fight, nor did I tell him. Why start an argument and lose friends? But it does understand the absolute necessity for you yourself to see the cook in action and measure his qualities according to your own standards. Deliberate Striking This is closely related to number where he hits. How many times have you been miles out In Toronto, to 20, Ana all Tanat when, Dang Ana well -Loretta alternate snot NAS dropped you cold? This was no accident, it happens all the time. It shows the value of deliberate striking. Pay management to it when selecting your brood cook. Holding His Punch In all probability you have seen a great big fine looking cook, shoulders on him like an All American tackle, legs as big as a turkey, strong enough to winding a plough, yet at the ND of a few fittings could not lift his legs two inches from the ground, let alone cut or strike anything. No condition some peptides comments. Thats not it at all. Chances are that his inferior looking opponent who is whaling the daylights out of him is not in about as good animal(prenominal) shape. The difference between the two is a matter of back muscles. The homey looking bird ha s them. The big fine looking cook which is built like Apollo does not. The latter may well be able to pull a plough, but if he does not have well substantial back muscles he is not going to kick very long. Which reminds me of the All Pro football player who went to a dude ranch.At the end of a four hour horseback ride the little scrawny horse wrangler hopped off as spry as could be. The football player Just sat there. He was so sore and tired that he could not dismount, and would have been unable to stand if he had. The difference between the two men was that the alternating had saddle muscles and the football player did not. He was mixed-up even though he could have squashed the wrangler with one hand. This matter of back muscles seems to be a hereditary trait. You cant develop them a great deal through exercise or feeding. A cook either has them or he doesnt.You may be able to improve the deficiency by breeding the cook to hens which are well indue in this respect, but it is mu ch better to start off with a cook which does not have such a deficiency. The only sure way to determine this important characteristic is to see him or his brothers in action. The trait seems to run in families. If one brother is good or bad in such respect, the other brothers are apt to be the same. Where this appears to be a hereditary trait it is especially important for you to be sure that your brood cook is well developed in this respect. rest period Proper balance is another characteristic of great importance.It, too, is hereditary. A cook must be a great cutter and all that even though ill balanced, but he could do the job a lot easier if he were balanced properly. Besides, his sons very probably would inherit the bad balance without the old mans skill in cutting. Proper balances difficult to describe in words. It has to do with the position of the birds legs with respect to his body, the shape of the body and its heaviness distribution, and a lot of other things. A ducks l egs are set on ideally for swimming, but not for walking or striking. That gives you an exaggerated example.You look at enough game socks long enough with this thought in mind and pretty soon youll be able to see which ones are well balanced and which ones are not. Some families are far better balanced than others. A poorly balanced bird is apt to fall on his tail or his nose after delivering a blow, or land in a heap which is worse. He is a sitting duck for a well- balanced bird. On the other hand a properly balanced bird will deliver his blow, land in perfect balance ready instantly to strike again or avoid his opponents blow. One of ten greatest Dressers I ever Knew hardened great store on tens Pensacola centralists.He call it balance and was ever and always referring to it. We use to poke fun at him by saying balance when he was not around, but he impressed the importance of this feature upon me, and I hope I can do the same for you. The only way you can procure balance is to b reed for it. You cant change it by feed or exercise. A bird either has it or doesnt have it from day one for as long as he lives. So start out by seeing that your brood cook is properly balanced, for a deficiency in this respect is difficult to breed out of a family, Just as it is difficult to breed out low headiness or ducking. Size I dont like to breed from a big cook.About 5-4 for a cook in fighting trim or 4-14 for a stag is as large as I care to go. This matter of size is different for hens, bought we will go into that later. I want the cook to be full of action, cutting ability, and all the other pit qualities to be described later. But size is not a primary factor provided he is solidly built. As an example, right now I am breeding a cook which fought at 4-4 as a stag. He was full of action and cut. But I would not think of breeding his sister who was proportionally as small for a female. Youth vs. days Especially in the brood yard. I am a great trustr in youth.You hear abo ut the grand old hen and the great $10,000 cook, but most of the time your best performers will come from young stock. Some people term it in the percentage. I have the utmost respect for proven old producers, but most of the time age is a handicap. Certain mating of cook and hen will turn out phenomenal offspring. But even in this type I would rather have the produce of their early years than after they were getting along. I have had a few such mating myself which I kept together for several years. Probably longstanding than I should. But in every case the quality of their offspring dropped observably with each passing year.In my opinion more good families have been lost through endeavoring to perpetuate them through the use of old parents than from any other reason. Accordingly, if you are fortunate enough to locate a truly superior combination, invent to carry them on through the use of vigorous offspring of their ahead years rather than breeding back to the original individ uals after they have gone by. This is particularly true of the hen. She may look and act like a pullet, but her reproductive apparatus has deteriorated, even though you cant see it. For some reason or another the cook seems to last longer so far as reproductive qualities are concerned.Many times he turns out good ones as long as he rest vigorous and fertile. But such is not the case with the hen. My grand mentor,old Balance, absolutely refused to breed a hen after her fourth year. This theory or practice will offend many old timers, and they can bewilder a barrage of evidence at me. But you can believe them or believe me. This has been my experience. Many times in the past I have tried to revive famous old families by breeding to the Queen Bee of the dynasty. The grand old hen who was now a eager. One time Lenin Law sent me such a hen.Many of her sons had won at Orlando which at that time conducted the premier cocking event in America. I could merely believe my good fortune. Bred her the finest young cook that I owned. What GE A Duncan AT weaklings I guess Law Knew want en was long when en gave her to me. Hopefully in time you will have occasion to do a certain amount of inbreeding or line breeding. I endeavor to avoid intensive consanguineous mating as far as possible, but in time it catches up with you. Under such circumstances carry on with the best specimens of your young stock in the family. The younger the better. Dont go back to your old worn out originals.This is reprobate to general practice, but it is definitely my recommendation. Chapter 5 Physical Characteristics Many literature on breeding game socks begin, and end, with a description of the natural characteristics a good brood cook should possess. These writers consider such requirements of primary importance. In their opinion they rank first. With me they rank last. Championship performers in all sports come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. With me it is only the performance which counts. Physical heartsickness are important only insofar as they enable the individual to perform more easily and effectively.We are not breeding fowl for beauty contests or to win a ribbon at the County fair, we are breeding them to win in the pit. There are certain physical characteristics, however, which enable a cook to perform more easily and effectively. They are no guarantee that the cook will do the Job, but only that he is not handicapped physically in such effort. We will discuss them here briefly in order that you may be on the lookout for them. Body Personally I prefer a well-rounded body, where the keel bone is relatively short from rent to back, and also short from top to bottom.Such check usually makes for good balance, the value of which has been discussed previously. I dont go for these excessively broad shouldered heavy breasted type with all the weight out front. The flat iron type. Such confirmation is a handicap to a cocks ability to cut. He is apt to rove w ith his blows, since he cant close in with his shots due to that heavy breast getting in his way. Rather, I prefer for him to be built like a football-more or less pointed at both ends. Station I like for a cook to be above average station, but not excessively so.The length should be in the thigh bone, not in the shank or scaly part. Length in the thigh enables him to reach out farther. Likewise a pronounced bend at the hock Joint is essential. Somehow or another it seems to help in the cutting department. I never saw a cook whose legs were straight up and down like a storks which could cut much. If a cook is fairly knock-kneed that is alright too. Its not pretty to look at, but nearly every knock-kneed cook is a cutter. Some people are real fussy about having a cocks heels set down close to his feet. Probably that is O. K. But I never paid much attention to it.Other things were more important. One thing which is essential is for his legs to be set on him properly so that he is in perfect balance. This usually means that his legs are set pretty well forward. One good Judge expressed the same thing in reverse by saying, l like to see plenty of body behind his legs. The old guy got me to start looking at a cook in the same way. Actually it is easier to see the amount of body behind the body than it is to see if the hip Joint is set well to the front. At least it is for me. some other thing which you might look for is the way he walks. If he puts one foot